What is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)?

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a method of pain relief that doesn't use medicines. TENS machines send small electrical currents through your skin to stimulate nerves and relieve your pain.

'Transcutaneous' means across the skin.

How does TENS work?

When you use a TENS machine, small electrodes are placed on your skin in the area where you feel pain. A TENS machine may help relieve pain by sending small electrical currents through your skin. It works by stimulating nerves, blocking pain signals and helping your body release natural painkillers called endorphins.

While doctors aren't sure, studies show that TENS can:

• reduce pain during use
• improve relaxation
• improve sleep
• reduce your need for pain medicines

TENS is portable, runs on batteries and doesn't involve medicines or needles.

While it is considered a safe form of pain relief, contact your physiotherapist, GP or pharmacist for advice before using TENS to manage your pain.

What types of pain can TENS treat?

TENS may help relieve different types of pain. It is used for various conditions, such as:

• during labour (childbirth)
• chronic pain, such as osteoarthritis
• acute pain, such as pain after surgery
• palliative care pain management

Physiotherapists may also use TENS to treat pain.

Is TENS effective at relieving pain?

There is good evidence that using TENS reduces pain during or right after treatment, and doesn't cause serious side effects.

Are there any side effects with TENS?

TENS shouldn't be painful, but some people find it uncomfortable.

Sometimes, people experience skin irritation where the electrodes are placed.

When should TENS not be used?

TENS should not be used in certain situations or by certain people due to potential risks.

TENS should not be used:

• on an open wound or irritated skin
• near sensitive areas, such as your eyes
• near a tumour or cancer
• on your head, chest or at the front of the neck
• while driving or operating machinery
• in or around water

TENS should not be used if you:

• have a pacemaker or other implanted heart devices
• have been diagnosed with epilepsy
• have a new pain, unless your doctor has advised that it is safe

Always seek advice from a healthcare professional before you use TENS for the first time. If you're pregnant, contact your physiotherapist, GP or midwife for advice before using TENS.

How can I get a TENS machine?

If you're considering using a TENS machine for pain relief, start by discussing it with your doctor. You may be able to hire a TENS machine to use at home. You can also buy your own TENS machine.

You can buy a TENS machine direct from:

• manufacturers
• medical equipment suppliers
• some pharmacies

Make sure that the supplier is registered with the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).

Your doctor may refer you to a pain clinic or to a physiotherapist for treatment. It's important to start treatment with a healthcare professional.

Before using your machine, ask a health professional for advice on:

• the settings that are best suited for you
• where to apply the electrodes
• how long and how often to use your TENS machine

Resources and support

If you need help managing long-term pain, visit these services:

• PainAustralia offers pain services and programs in your area.
• Chronic Pain Australia has information on how to manage chronic pain.
• Pregnancy Birth and Baby has resources and information on pain relief during labour.

You can also call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples

• Pain Management Network has pain management resources for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people.

Other languages

• The Agency for Clinical Innovation — Pain Management Network has a range of translated resources on way to manage pain.