What is Sjögren's syndrome?

Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the body's own healthy cells. It typically attacks the glands that produce tears, saliva and sweat. Other parts of the body may also be affected.

If you have Sjögren's syndrome you will most likely be able to live normally without any serious complications, especially if you take care to manage your symptoms.

What are the symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome?

People with Sjögren's syndrome can have:

• dry eyes, which may also feel a painful, burning, itchy or gritty
• a dry mouth, making it difficult to swallow, speak or eat dry foods
• swelling of the glands in the face and neck areas

Some people with Sjögren's syndrome also notice:

• joint pain, swelling and stiffness
• dry skin or skin rash
• vaginal dryness
• persistent dry cough
• ongoing fatigue

Sometimes the liver and kidneys are affected. A few people will also develop lymphoma (cancer of the lymph nodes).

What causes Sjögren's syndrome?

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is unknown, though there seems to be a genetic influence. It is more common in:

• females
• people over 40 years of age
• people who have rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
• people with a family history of other autoimmune conditions

It is thought that factors such as viral infections, stress and hormone changes can trigger symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome.

When should I see my doctor?

If you experience any of the symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome you should see your doctor. This includes dry eyes, dry mouth or swelling of the glands in the face and neck areas.

How is Sjögren's syndrome diagnosed?

In order to diagnose Sjögren's syndrome, you doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms and examine you. Your doctor may also refer you for tests such as:

• Schirmer's test — to check whether the eyes are producing enough tears
• blood tests — to check for antibodies common in Sjögren's syndrome
• imaging of your salivary glands — to see how the salivary glands are working
• lip biopsy — a small sliver of tissue from the lip is sent for testing in a laboratory

How is Sjögren's syndrome treated?

There is no cure for Sjögren's syndrome. Treatments are used to relieve symptoms and can involve medicines to increase the production of saliva and treat complications.

Your doctor may recommend surgery for some people to reduce the quantity of tears drained from the eyes, so your eyes stay more moist.

Your doctor may also prescribe medicines, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or medicines that suppress the immune system.

It is important to see your doctor or rheumatologist (joint specialist) regularly to make sure the condition stays well-managed.

There are also ways you can manage your symptoms:

• Dry eyes — Use artificial tears or an eye lubricant; regular check-ups with an ophthalmologist (eye specialist), wear protective eye wear to avoid exposure to the wind or sun.
• Dry mouth — Have frequent sips of water; avoid drinking alcohol and use artificial saliva, mouth rinses, sugarless gum or lozenges. Keep your mouth healthy by limiting your sugar intake and have regular check-ups with a dentist.
• General dryness — Increase indoor humidity; use preservative-free moisturiser for your skin; avoid drying conditions such as draughts from heaters and air conditioners, use a saline spray for a dry nose and avoid exposure to dusty or windy weather.

Can Sjögren's syndrome be prevented?

Sjögren's syndrome cannot be prevented, but there are things you can do to manage your symptoms.

Complications of Sjögren's syndrome

Complications of Sjögren's syndrome include:

• increased risk of dental problems
• increased risk of oral thrush
• vision problems
• inflammation of your internal organs such as your kidneys, lungs or liver
• problems with your circulatory and nervous system

Resources and support

Read more about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and management of Sjögren's syndrome on the Arthritis Australia and Musculoskeletal Australia websites.

Call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 at any time to speak to a registered nurse (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria) for more information and advice.