Oestrogen

Oestrogen is a female sex hormone which helps control puberty and strengthen bones. Learn how too much or too little can cause health conditions.

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Oestrogen blood test

Oestrogen blood tests help us to understand hormone balance. Read more if you are planning pregnancy, are pregnant or your menstrual cycle is unusual.

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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), or menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) comes in various forms and is used to treat the symptoms of menopause.

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Testosterone blood test

A testosterone blood test can show us how much of the sex hormone testosterone is in your body. Males usually have more testosterone than females.

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A guide to menopause

Menopausal symptoms can begin when you’re perimenopausal and continue post-menopause. Find out when you should see a doctor and about treatment.

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Breast cysts

Breast cysts are benign bubbles of fluid in the breast. It’s important to know how to recognise them and what to look for if you suspect a lump is not benign.

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Osteoporosis medicines

Osteoporosis medicines include bisphosphonates, denosumab and hormonal treatments. Calcium, vitamin D and exercise are also important.

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Vaginal dryness

Vaginal dryness is most common in females who have gone through menopause. Read more about the symptoms and treatments for vaginal dryness.

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Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is a condition that affects the uterus and can cause heavy periods. Learn more about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

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Hormonal contraceptives and periods

Find out how different hormonal contraceptives (for example the oral contraceptive pill, hormonal IUD, and injection) might affect your period.

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Post menopause

Post-menopause begins 12 months after your last period. Learn more about what to expect after menopause and health conditions that become more common.

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Prolapsed uterus

Read about prolapsed uterus — when your uterus (womb) slowly drops down toward the opening of your vagina — including causes, symptoms and treatment.

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Blood tests A-Z

From the fasting blood glucose test to the prostate (PSA) test, there are many kinds of blood tests. Browse the index and learn how to prepare for your test.

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Hormonal system

The endocrine (hormonal) system influences your metabolism, growth and other functions. Learn more about what it is and related conditions.

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The pill (combined oral contraceptive pill)

The combined oral contraceptive pill, usually called 'the pill', is a type of contraception (birth control) that can also help control your periods.

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Osteopaenia

If you have osteopaenia, your bones are weaker than normal. Osteopaenia is less severe than osteoporosis but you need to take care if you're at risk.

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Bladder prolapse

A prolapsed bladder (cystocoele) develops when the bladder bulges into your vaginal wall. This may cause problems, but can be treated.

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Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer develops in the lining of the uterus (womb). Learn how to spot the signs of endometrial cancer and what your treatment options are.

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Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially missing X chromosome. Find out more about its symptoms and treatments here.

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Gynaecomastia

Find out about the treatments for gynaecomastia – the development of enlarged breasts in males - also sometimes called 'man boobs'.

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Breast cancer

Breast cancer often shows as a lump in the breast tissue, although most breast lumps are not cancerous. If found early, full recovery is more likely.

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Reducing your risk of developing a blood clot

Blood clots occur to prevent you from losing too much blood. They can form inside a vein and move to your lungs, causing pain or serious complications.

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Vaginal discharge

Some vaginal discharge is usually healthy. Learn more about what's normal, what's a sign of infection and when you should see a doctor.

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Contraceptive vaginal ring

Read about the vaginal ring - a type of contraception (birth control) that works in the same way as the pill and can help control your periods.

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Uterine fibroids

A fibroid is a non-cancerous growth in the muscle layer of your uterus (womb). Find out about fibroids, including symptoms, causes and treatments.

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Intersex variation

Intersex variations are caused by physical, hormonal or chromosomal differences. Learn more about intersex variation and what causes it here.

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Progestogen-only pill (mini pill)

The progestogen-only pill (POP) is a type of contraception (birth control) that is sometimes called the mini pill. Read about the types of POP.

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Vaginal thrush

Vaginal thrush is a common yeast infection caused by the candida species of fungus. Learn more about the causes, symptoms and treatments here.

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Female reproductive system

The female reproductive system includes organs such as the uterus (womb), ovaries, fallopian tubes and vagina, as well as hormones.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect males and females differently. Read about UTI symptoms, treatment and prevention, and when to get medical help.

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